tmux 使用說明與基礎設定

使用說明

在terminal中，輸入tmux指令，即會進入tmux視窗中。
若要進入256色模式則須輸入tmux -2

可透過快速鍵分割視窗，並將游標焦點切換至各個視窗中，
使用方式為，先按下prefix鍵(預設為Ctrl+b)並放開，再打入功能鍵，以觸發tmux之快速鍵。

進入tmux session
tmux
若要使用256 color mode
則需輸入tmux -2

跳出session
Ctrl+d

進入已開啟之session
tmux a
進入session with256 color mode 
tmux -2 a

水平分割視窗
Ctrl+b "
垂直分割視窗
Ctrl+b %

切換游標所在視窗
切換至上(下左右)方
Ctrl+b 方向鍵上(下左右)

配置當前視窗大小
分割線向上(下左右)移動
Ctrl+b Alt 同時按方向鍵上(下左右)
(可透過更改tmux設定，改為僅需 Alt 同時按方向鍵)

複製-貼上
Ctrl+b [ 進入複製模式
空格 或 v 開始選取，可按方向鍵上(下左右)做選取動作
enter 結束選取，同時跳出複製模式
Ctrl+b ] 貼上

顯示時間
Ctrl+b t

基礎設定

可透過編寫~/.tmux.conf此檔做客製化設定，若在家目錄中沒有該檔，則需要自行新創一個。

範例設定如下:
#tested on 1.8
set -g prefix C-x
unbind C-b

bind | split-window -h
bind - split-window -v
bind -n  M-Up resize-pane -U 5
bind -n  M-Down resize-pane -D 5
bind -n  M-Left resize-pane -L 5
bind -n  M-Right resize-pane -R 5
set -g status-bg "colour0"
set -g status-fg "colour218"

set-option -g pane-border-fg "colour218"
set-option -g pane-active-border-fg "colour218"
set-window-option -g clock-mode-colour "colour218"

範例說明
更換prefix鍵為Ctrl+x，並將原先的設置取消綁定
set -g prefix C-x
unbind C-b

設置分割視窗快速鍵
垂直分割:
bind | split-window -h
水平分割:
bind - split-window -v

設置當前視窗視窗大小之快速鍵，為Alt+方向鍵上下左右
bind -n  M-Up resize-pane -U 5
bind -n  M-Down resize-pane -D 5
bind -n  M-Left resize-pane -L 5
bind -n  M-Right resize-pane -R 5

變更分隔線顏色
set-option -g pane-border-fg "colour218"
set-option -g pane-active-border-fg "colour218"

變更顯示時間之字體顏色
set-window-option -g clock-mode-colour "colour218"

docker筆記

將指定image從官網上pull下來
docker pull image:tag

顯示倉庫內所有的image
docker images

顯示所有container
docker ps -a

由指定image創建一container
docker create -it image:tag /bin/bash

創建一container並設定port forwarding，並讓container在背景執行
docker run -td --name container_name -p local_port:host_port image:tag

啟動指定container
docker start container_id

啟動並attach指定container
docker start -ai container_id

停止指定container
docker stop container_id

attach and execute command in the container
docker exec -it container_id /bin/bash

將檔案從Host端傳送至container內
docker cp  local_path container_id:path

將檔案從container內傳送至Host端
docker cp  container_id:path local_path

使用container創建一image
docker commit -m "commit message" container_id image_name:tag

匯出容器
docker export containter_id > export_name.tar
or
docker export  container_id --output="export_name.tar"

匯入容器
cat import_file.tar | docker import - image:tag
or
docker import import_file.tar

ffmpeg 指令筆記

影片轉出所有影格
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 %04d.png

影片轉mp3
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 output.mp3

影片轉換為for android影片
ffmpeg.exe -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -profile:v baseline output.mp4

影片每1秒轉出一張影格
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1 %04d.png

影格轉換為影片

ffmpeg -r 30 -i %04d.jpg -c:v libx264 out.mp4

ffmpeg -r 30 -start_number 1234 -i %04d.jpg -c:v libx264 out.mp4



縮放影片大小
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale="640:360" out.mp4

設定terminal下顯示的色彩

先確認現在用的terminal client是否支援256色顯示，如putty, xterm等等皆是有支援的。 

這邊是以bash shell作測試

例一: 在shell下輸入以下指令，可顯示特定顏色的字串
 ----------------------------------------------------
str="test"
fg=174
bg=15
printf "\033[38;5;${fg};48;5;${bg}m"${str}"\033[0m"
 ---------------------------------------------------- 

例二: 同上，但最後一行是不同寫法
----------------------------------------------------
str="test"
fg=174
bg=15
echo -e "\033[38;5;${fg};48;5;${bg}m"${str}"\033[0m"
 ----------------------------------------------------

linux 0.11 trace boot/setup.s

 .code16
# rewrite with AT&T syntax by falcon  at 081012
#
# setup.s  (C) 1991 Linus Torvalds
#
# setup.s is responsible for getting the system data from the BIOS,
# and putting them into the appropriate places in system memory.
# both setup.s and system has been loaded by the bootblock.
#
# This code asks the bios for memory/disk/other parameters, and
# puts them in a "safe" place: 0x90000-0x901FF, ie where the
# boot-block used to be. It is then up to the protected mode
# system to read them from there before the area is overwritten
# for buffer-blocks.
#
# NOTE! These had better be the same as in bootsect.s!
 .equ INITSEG, 0x9000 # we move boot here - out of the way
 .equ SYSSEG, 0x1000 # system loaded at 0x10000 (65536).
 .equ SETUPSEG, 0x9020 # this is the current segment
 .global _start, begtext, begdata, begbss, endtext, enddata, endbss
 .text
 begtext:
 .data
 begdata:
 .bss
 begbss:
 .text
 ljmp $SETUPSEG, $_start    #boot/bootsetup.s中，會透過ljmp    $SETUPSEG, $0跳到這一行
_start:
# ok, the read went well so we get current cursor position and save it for
# posterity.
 mov $INITSEG, %ax # this is done in bootsect already, but...，這裡原先是放用來執行bootsect的code，
#但現在已經用不到了，改為放從bios讀到的資訊(cursor pos,memory size,...)
 mov %ax, %ds
 mov $0x03, %ah # read cursor pos
 xor %bh, %bh
 int $0x10  # save it in known place, con_init fetches
 mov %dx, %ds:0 # it from 0x90000.
# Get memory size (extended mem, kB)
 mov $0x88, %ah 
 int $0x15
 mov %ax, %ds:2
# Get video-card data:
 mov $0x0f, %ah
 int $0x10
 mov %bx, %ds:4 # bh = display page
 mov %ax, %ds:6 # al = video mode, ah = window width
# check for EGA/VGA and some config parameters
 mov $0x12, %ah
 mov $0x10, %bl
 int $0x10
 mov %ax, %ds:8
 mov %bx, %ds:10
 mov %cx, %ds:12
# Get hd0 data
 mov $0x0000, %ax
 mov %ax, %ds
 lds %ds:4*0x41, %si
 mov $INITSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %es
 mov $0x0080, %di
 mov $0x10, %cx
 rep
 movsb
# Get hd1 data
 mov $0x0000, %ax
 mov %ax, %ds
 lds %ds:4*0x46, %si
 mov $INITSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %es
 mov $0x0090, %di
 mov $0x10, %cx
 rep
 movsb
# Check that there IS a hd1 :-)
 mov $0x01500, %ax
 mov $0x81, %dl
 int $0x13
 jc no_disk1
 cmp $3, %ah
 je is_disk1
no_disk1:
 mov $INITSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %es
 mov $0x0090, %di
 mov $0x10, %cx
 mov $0x00, %ax
 rep
 stosb
is_disk1:
# now we want to move to protected mode ...
 cli   # no interrupts allowed ! 
# first we move the system to it's rightful place，system大小=tools/kernel=121508bytes
 mov $0x0000, %ax
 cld   # 'direction'=0, movs moves forward，SI DI遞增
do_move:    #第一次為將資料從source 0x1000 移到destination 0x0000，移65536bytes，
#之後為source與dest分別加0x1000再做相同的動作，直到src=0x9000時，則跳出迴圈
 mov %ax, %es # destination segment
 add $0x1000, %ax
 cmp $0x9000, %ax    #因為這邊system大小為121508bytes，故最少只須搬兩次(65536*2)，即最少只須cmp到$0x3000
 jz end_move
 mov %ax, %ds # source segment
 sub %di, %di
 sub %si, %si
 mov  $0x8000, %cx
 rep
 movsw
 jmp do_move
# then we load the segment descriptors
end_move:
 mov $SETUPSEG, %ax # right, forgot this at first. didn't work :-)
 mov %ax, %ds
 lidt idt_48  # load idt with 0,0
 lgdt gdt_48  # load gdt with whatever appropriate
# that was painless, now we enable A20
 #call empty_8042 # 8042 is the keyboard controller
 #mov $0xD1, %al # command write
 #out %al, $0x64
 #call empty_8042
 #mov $0xDF, %al # A20 on
 #out %al, $0x60
 #call empty_8042
 inb     $0x92, %al # open A20 line(Fast Gate A20).
 orb     $0b00000010, %al
 outb    %al, $0x92
# well, that went ok, I hope. Now we have to reprogram the interrupts :-(
# we put them right after the intel-reserved hardware interrupts, at
# int 0x20-0x2F. There they won't mess up anything. Sadly IBM really
# messed this up with the original PC, and they haven't been able to
# rectify it afterwards. Thus the bios puts interrupts at 0x08-0x0f,
# which is used for the internal hardware interrupts as well. We just
# have to reprogram the 8259's, and it isn't fun.
 mov $0x11, %al  # initialization sequence(ICW1)
     # ICW4 needed(1),CASCADE mode,Level-triggered
 out %al, $0x20  # send it to 8259A-1
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb  # jmp $+2, jmp $+2
 out %al, $0xA0  # and to 8259A-2
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 mov $0x20, %al  # start of hardware int's (0x20)(ICW2)
 out %al, $0x21  # from 0x20-0x27
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 mov $0x28, %al  # start of hardware int's 2 (0x28)
 out %al, $0xA1  # from 0x28-0x2F
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb  #               IR 7654 3210
 mov $0x04, %al  # 8259-1 is master(0000 0100) --\
 out %al, $0x21  #    |
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb  #    INT /
 mov $0x02, %al  # 8259-2 is slave(       010 --> 2)
 out %al, $0xA1
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 mov $0x01, %al  # 8086 mode for both
 out %al, $0x21
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 out %al, $0xA1
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 mov $0xFF, %al  # mask off all interrupts for now
 out %al, $0x21
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 out %al, $0xA1
# well, that certainly wasn't fun :-(. Hopefully it works, and we don't
# need no steenking BIOS anyway (except for the initial loading :-).
# The BIOS-routine wants lots of unnecessary data, and it's less
# "interesting" anyway. This is how REAL programmers do it.
#
# Well, now's the time to actually move into protected mode. To make
# things as simple as possible, we do no register set-up or anything,
# we let the gnu-compiled 32-bit programs do that. We just jump to
# absolute address 0x00000, in 32-bit protected mode.
 #mov $0x0001, %ax # protected mode (PE) bit
 #lmsw %ax  # This is it!
 mov %cr0, %eax # get machine status(cr0|MSW) 
 bts $0, %eax # turn on the PE-bit 
 mov %eax, %cr0 # protection enabled
    
    # segment-descriptor        (INDEX:TI:RPL)
 .equ sel_cs0, 0x0008 # select for code segment 0 (  001:0 :00) 
 ljmp $sel_cs0, $0 # jmp offset 0 of code segment 0 in gdt
# This routine checks that the keyboard command queue is empty
# No timeout is used - if this hangs there is something wrong with
# the machine, and we probably couldn't proceed anyway.
empty_8042:
 .word 0x00eb,0x00eb
 in $0x64, %al # 8042 status port
 test $2, %al  # is input buffer full?
 jnz empty_8042 # yes - loop
 ret
gdt:
 .word 0,0,0,0  # dummy
 .word 0x07FF  # 8Mb - limit=2047 (2048*4096=8Mb)
 .word 0x0000  # base address=0
 .word 0x9A00  # code read/exec
 .word 0x00C0  # granularity=4096, 386
 .word 0x07FF  # 8Mb - limit=2047 (2048*4096=8Mb)
 .word 0x0000  # base address=0
 .word 0x9200  # data read/write
 .word 0x00C0  # granularity=4096, 386
idt_48:
 .word 0   # idt limit=0
 .word 0,0   # idt base=0L
gdt_48:
 .word 0x800   # gdt limit=2048, 256 GDT entries
 .word   512+gdt, 0x9  # gdt base = 0X9xxxx, 
 # 512+gdt is the real gdt after setup is moved to 0x9020 * 0x10
 
.text
endtext:
.data
enddata:
.bss
endbss:

linux 0.11 trace boot/bootsect.s

 .code16
# rewrite with AT&T syntax by falcon  at 081012
#
# SYS_SIZE is the number of clicks (16 bytes) to be loaded.
# 0x3000 is 0x30000 bytes = 196kB, more than enough for current
# versions of linux
#
 .equ SYSSIZE, 0x3000
#
# bootsect.s  (C) 1991 Linus Torvalds
#
# bootsect.s is loaded at 0x7c00 by the bios-startup routines, and moves
# iself out of the way to address 0x90000, and jumps there.
#
# It then loads 'setup' directly after itself (0x90200), and the system
# at 0x10000, using BIOS interrupts. 
#
# NOTE! currently system is at most 8*65536 bytes long. This should be no
# problem, even in the future. I want to keep it simple. This 512 kB
# kernel size should be enough, especially as this doesn't contain the
# buffer cache as in minix
#
# The loader has been made as simple as possible, and continuos
# read errors will result in a unbreakable loop. Reboot by hand. It
# loads pretty fast by getting whole sectors at a time whenever possible.
 .global _start, begtext, begdata, begbss, endtext, enddata, endbss
 .text
 begtext:
 .data
 begdata:
 .bss
 begbss:
 .text
 .equ SETUPLEN, 4  # nr of setup-sectors
 .equ BOOTSEG, 0x07c0  # original address of boot-sector
 .equ INITSEG, 0x9000  # we move boot here - out of the way
 .equ SETUPSEG, 0x9020  # setup starts here
 .equ SYSSEG, 0x1000  # system loaded at 0x10000 (65536).
 .equ ENDSEG, SYSSEG + SYSSIZE # where to stop loading
# ROOT_DEV: 0x000 - same type of floppy as boot.
#  0x301 - first partition on first drive etc
 .equ ROOT_DEV, 0x301
 ljmp    $BOOTSEG, $_start #跳至cs:eip，這樣一行可以不用加，因為現在的cs即為BOOTSEG(0x07c0)
_start:      #將BOOTSEG上的資料依序往後複製至INITSEG，共複製256回合，每回合複製兩個byte(即一個word)，即從BOOTSEG複製512bytes到INITSEG上
 mov $BOOTSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %ds
 mov $INITSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %es        #es設定為INITSEG，之後ljmp會用到
 mov $256, %cx
 sub %si, %si
 sub %di, %di
 rep 
 movsw
 ljmp $INITSEG, $go    #跳至INITSEG seg(跳過去後，會執行複製後的bootsect code)
go: mov %cs, %ax       #ax=cs=INITSEG 
 mov %ax, %ds          #ds=ax=INITSEG 
 mov %ax, %es          #es=ax=INITSEG
# put stack at 0x9ff00.
 mov %ax, %ss          #ss=ax=INITSEG=0x9000
 mov $0xFF00, %sp  # arbitrary value >>512   
# load the setup-sectors directly after the bootblock.
# Note that 'es' is already set up.
load_setup:
 mov $0x0000, %dx  # drive 0, head 0
 mov $0x0002, %cx  # sector 2, track 0    #從sector2開始讀(sector2,3放得是setup部分的code)
 mov $0x0200, %bx  # address = 512, in INITSEG
 .equ    AX, 0x0200+SETUPLEN
 mov     $AX, %ax  # service 2, nr of sectors    #ax=0x0204(AH=02h: Read Sectors From Drive AL=Sectors To Read Count)
 int $0x13   # read it
 jnc ok_load_setup  # ok - continue    #會把讀到的兩個sector放在es(INITSEG):bx(0x0200)上，即為SETUPSEG
 mov $0x0000, %dx
 mov $0x0000, %ax  # reset the diskette
 int $0x13
 jmp load_setup
ok_load_setup:
# Get disk drive parameters, specifically nr of sectors/track
 mov $0x00, %dl
 mov $0x0800, %ax  # AH=8 is get drive parameters
 int $0x13
 mov $0x00, %ch
 #seg cs
 mov %cx, %cs:sectors+0 # %cs means sectors is in %cs
 mov $INITSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %es
# Print some inane message
 mov $0x03, %ah  # read cursor pos
 xor %bh, %bh
 int $0x10
 
 mov $24, %cx
 mov $0x0007, %bx  # page 0, attribute 7 (normal)
 #lea msg1, %bp
 mov     $msg1, %bp
 mov $0x1301, %ax  # write string, move cursor
 int $0x10
# ok, we've written the message, now
# we want to load the system (at 0x10000)
 mov $SYSSEG, %ax
 mov %ax, %es  # segment of 0x010000
 call read_it
 call kill_motor
# After that we check which root-device to use. If the device is
# defined (#= 0), nothing is done and the given device is used.
# Otherwise, either /dev/PS0 (2,28) or /dev/at0 (2,8), depending
# on the number of sectors that the BIOS reports currently.
 #seg cs
 mov %cs:root_dev+0, %ax
 cmp $0, %ax
 jne root_defined
 #seg cs
 mov %cs:sectors+0, %bx
 mov $0x0208, %ax  # /dev/ps0 - 1.2Mb
 cmp $15, %bx
 je root_defined
 mov $0x021c, %ax  # /dev/PS0 - 1.44Mb
 cmp $18, %bx
 je root_defined
undef_root:
 jmp undef_root
root_defined:
 #seg cs
 mov %ax, %cs:root_dev+0
# after that (everyting loaded), we jump to
# the setup-routine loaded directly after
# the bootblock:
 ljmp $SETUPSEG, $0    #跳至SETUPSEG，執行setup code ，需看boot/setup.s
# This routine loads the system at address 0x10000, making sure
# no 64kB boundaries are crossed. We try to load it as fast as
# possible, loading whole tracks whenever we can.
#
# in: es - starting address segment (normally 0x1000)
#
sread: .word 1+ SETUPLEN # sectors read of current track
head: .word 0   # current head
track: .word 0   # current track
read_it:
 mov %es, %ax
 test $0x0fff, %ax
die: jne  die   # es must be at 64kB boundary
 xor  %bx, %bx  # bx is starting address within segment
rp_read:
 mov  %es, %ax
  cmp  $ENDSEG, %ax  # have we loaded all yet?
 jb ok1_read
 ret
ok1_read:
 #seg cs
 mov %cs:sectors+0, %ax
 sub sread, %ax
 mov %ax, %cx
 shl $9, %cx
 add %bx, %cx
 jnc  ok2_read
 je  ok2_read
 xor  %ax, %ax
 sub  %bx, %ax
 shr  $9, %ax
ok2_read:
 call  read_track
 mov  %ax, %cx
 add  sread, %ax
 #seg cs
 cmp  %cs:sectors+0, %ax
 jne  ok3_read
 mov  $1, %ax
 sub  head, %ax
 jne  ok4_read
 incw    track 
ok4_read:
 mov %ax, head
 xor %ax, %ax
ok3_read:
 mov %ax, sread
 shl $9, %cx
 add %cx, %bx
 jnc rp_read
 mov %es, %ax
 add $0x1000, %ax
 mov %ax, %es
 xor %bx, %bx
 jmp rp_read
read_track:
 push %ax
 push %bx
 push %cx
 push %dx
 mov track, %dx
 mov sread, %cx
 inc %cx
 mov %dl, %ch
 mov head, %dx
 mov %dl, %dh
 mov $0, %dl
 and $0x0100, %dx
 mov $2, %ah
 int $0x13
 jc bad_rt
 pop %dx
 pop %cx
 pop %bx
 pop %ax
 ret
bad_rt: mov $0, %ax
 mov $0, %dx
 int $0x13
 pop %dx
 pop %cx
 pop %bx
 pop %ax
 jmp read_track
#/*
# * This procedure turns off the floppy drive motor, so
# * that we enter the kernel in a known state, and
# * don't have to worry about it later.
# */
kill_motor:
 push %dx
 mov $0x3f2, %dx
 mov $0, %al
 outsb
 pop %dx
 ret
sectors:
 .word 0
msg1:
 .byte 13,10
 .ascii "Loading system ..."
 .byte 13,10,13,10
 .org 508
root_dev:
 .word ROOT_DEV
boot_flag:
 .word 0xAA55
 
 .text
 endtext:
 .data
 enddata:
 .bss
 endbss:

C 雙重指標筆記

使用雙重指標標示數個字串的位址:
 char *a="test1"; 
 char *b="test2";
 char **pt=(char**)malloc(sizeof(char*)*2);//宣告array of pointer,每個pointer會用來標示一個字串位址
 pt[0]=a;
 pt[1]=b;
 printf("%s\n%s\n",pt[0],pt[1]);


使用雙重指標存放多個字串
char **pt=(char**)malloc(sizeof(char*)*2);//array of pointer
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
     *(pt+i)=(char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*256);
 }
 strcpy(*pt,"test1");
 strcpy(*(pt+1),"test2");
 printf("%s\n%s\n",pt[0],pt[1]);


傳入一個空的雙重指標到func內，在其內初始化並填入字串
void store_data(char ***pt)//需多加一個星號，才能控制外部**pt內含的值
{
        int i=0;
        printf("%x\n",pt);//double pointer's address
        *pt=(char**)malloc(sizeof(char*)*2);
        for(i=0;i<2;i++)
        {

                *(*pt+i)=(char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*256);
        }
        strcpy(**pt,"test1");
        strcpy(*(*pt+1),"test2");
        return;
}

int main()
{
        int i=0;
        char **pt=NULL;
        printf("%x\n",&pt);//double pointer's address
        store_data(&pt);
        printf("%s\n%s\n",pt[0],pt[1]);
        return 0;
}

ubuntu 安裝特定版本package

有兩種方法
第一種)查詢所有ubuntu版本可裝的版本package
sudo apt install devscripts

rmadison gcc(ex:查詢gcc可用版本)

範例輸出:
gcc | 4:4.6.3-1ubuntu5 | precise | amd64, armel, armhf, i386, powerpc
gcc | 4:4.8.2-1ubuntu6 | trusty  | amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
gcc | 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 | xenial  | amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, powerpc, ppc64el, s390x
gcc | 4:6.3.0-2ubuntu1 | zesty   | amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, ppc64el, s390x
gcc | 4:7.2.0-1ubuntu1 | artful  | amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, ppc64el, s390x
gcc | 4:7.2.0-1ubuntu1 | bionic  | amd64, arm64, armhf, i386, ppc64el, s390x

第二種)查詢目前系統版本可裝的版本package
sudo apt-cache madison gcc(ex: 查詢可裝的gcc版本)

範例輸出:
gcc | 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages
gcc | 4:4.8.2-1ubuntu6 | http://dk.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty/main amd64 Packages

sudo apt install gcc=4:4.8.2-1ubuntu6